Does Trade Cause Growth?

# Does Trade Cause Growth? > OpenAlex Metadata Hub · https://openalex.org/W2011474190 ## Bibliographic - **DOI:** 10.1257/aer.89.3.379 - **Year:** 1999 - **Citations:** 5385 - **Open Access:** No (closed) - **License:** — - **Source:** https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.379 ## Authors - Jeffrey A. Frankel - David Romer ## Abstract Examining the correlation between trade and income cannot identify the direction of causation between the two. Countries' geographic characteristics, however, have important effects on trade, and are plausibly uncorrelated with other determinants of income. This paper therefore constructs measures of the geographic component of countries' trade, and uses those measures to obtain instrumental variables estimates of the effect of trade on income. The results provide no evidence that ordinary least-squares estimates overstate the effects of trade. Further, they suggest that trade has a quantitatively large and robust, though only moderately statistically significant, positive effect on income. (JEL F43, O40) ## Keywords Ordinary least squares, Economics, Uncorrelated, Causation, Instrumental variable, Econometrics, International economics, Statistics, Mathematics ## Concepts - Ordinary least squares - Economics - Uncorrelated - Causation - Instrumental variable - Econometrics - International economics - Statistics - Mathematics - Political science - Law --- *Metadata only — full text not imported unless Open Access license permits.*

Bài “Does Trade Cause Growth?” được TradingBase chuyển thành Knowledge Product cho trader — không phải trang đọc abstract OpenAlex. Tóm lược học thuật (đã diễn giải): Examining the correlation between trade and income cannot identify the direction of causation between the two. Countries' geographic characteristics, however, have important effects on trade, and are plausibly uncorrelated with other determinants of income. This paper therefore constructs measures of the geographic component of countries' trade, and uses those measures to obtain instrumental variables estimates of the effect of trade on income. The results provide no evidence that ordinary least-squares estimates overstate the effects of trade. Further, they suggest that trade has a quantitatively large and robust, though only moderately statistically significant, positive effect on income. (JEL F43, O40) Phần Trading Insights bên dưới nối nghiên cứu với Forex, vàng, USD, lãi suất và risk regime — để bạn đưa vào journal và playbook. Metadata DOI/OA chỉ là rail tham chiếu; nội dung chính là summary, takeaways và ứng dụng thị trường do Content Factory sinh.